High-purity water (18.3 MΩ cm, ELGA LabWater, Marlow, UK) was used for all dilutions. Urine samples were thawed overnight at 4°C, equilibrated for 2 hours to ambient temperature, and homogenised before pipetting. However, uranium exposure from drinking water becomes important where local water sources contain elevated uranium concentrations [2, 5, 15]. Zamora ML, Tracy BL, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof DP, Moss MA. The G7 nations, plus China and Switzerland, make up … Arch Environ Occup Health. Exceptionally, the final solutions were frozen at −20°C until the day of analysis. Available from: Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. For the same reason, data were naturally log-transformed prior to the multivariate analysis by means of a general linear model (GLM). 2018;13(S02):S217–20.

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2014;24(1):58–64. 2005;114(1):109–13. The presence of naturally occurring uranium in partly very high concentrations in Swiss soils has been documented before, especially in some alpine regions [7–10]. No gender difference was detected when whole blood or plasma samples of the same collectives were analysed. The observed association of 24-hour urinary uranium excretion with the type of water consumed highlights the importance of bottled water as a uranium source in Switzerland (table 2). The model residuals followed normal distribution as verified through a Shapiro-Francia test (data not shown). Urinary uranium levels (24-hour sampling) of subgroups of the collective under study. Chapter 45. p. 881–903. doi:. 2015;77:1–4. 2010;74(7):2082–98. Even for participants with uranium excretion values above the 95th percentile, a health impact is still rather improbable as only mild effects from subclinical toxicity were observed in other international studies with considerably higher urinary uranium excretions [17, 29]. [Cited 2019 July 22.] doi:. Environmental uranium and human health. Increased urinary uranium values from individual study participants were expected beforehand as some Swiss uranium “problem” areas, explained by elevated uranium concentrations in the drinking water, have already been described [9, 10]. 1990;124(1):90–5. WHO.